The extraordinary energy metabolism of the bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei forms: a critical review and hypothesis

Authors

  • Mayke Alencar Lab Biochem of Trypanosomatids - LaBTryps, Dept Parasitology, Inst of Biomed Sci, University of São Paulo, BR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-7994
  • Emily Ramos Lab Biochem of Trypanosomatids - LaBTryps, Dept Parasitology, Inst of Biomed Sci, University of São Paulo, BR
  • Ariel Silber Lab Biochem of Trypanosomatids - LaBTryps, Dept Parasitology, Inst of Biomed Sci, University of São Paulo, BR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-4732
  • Alena Zíková Inst Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, CZ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-0225
  • Marcus Oliveira Lab Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Inst Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, BR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-8425

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2022-0017

Keywords:

alternative oxidase, glycerol phosphate, reactive oxygen species, cell death, Trypanosoma brucei, mitophagy, antioxidant

Summary

The parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of sleeping sickness and involves an insect vector and a mammalian host through its complex life cycle. T. brucei mammalian bloodstream forms (BSF) exhibits unique metabolic features including: (1) reduced expression and activity of mitochondrial enzymes; (2) respiration mediated by the glycerol phosphate shuttle (GPSh) and the Trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) that is intrinsically uncoupled from generation of mitochondrial protonmotive force; (3) maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential by ATP hydrolysis through  reversal of F1FO-ATP synthase activity; (4) strong reliance on glycolysis to meet their energy demands; (5) high susceptibility to oxidants. Here, we critically review the main metabolic features of BSF and provide a hypothesis to explain the unusual metabolic network and its biological significance for this parasite form. We postulate that intrinsically uncoupled respiration provided by the GPSh-TAO system acts as a preventive antioxidant defense by limiting mitochondrial superoxide production and complementing the NADPH-dependent scavenging antioxidant defenses to maintain redox balance. Given the uncoupled nature of the GPSh-TAO system, BSF avoids cell death processes by maintaining mitochondrial protonmotive force through the reversal of ATP synthase activity using the ATP generated by glycolysis. This unique “metabolic design” in BSF has no biological parallel outside of trypanosomatids and highlights the enormous diversity of the parasite mitochondrial processes to adapt to distinct environments.

Cite:

Alencar MB, Ramos EV, Silber AM, Zíková A, Oliveira MF (2022) The extraordinary energy metabolism of the bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei forms: a critical review and hypothesis. Bioenerg Commun 2022.17. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2022-0017

Published

2022-12-05

Issue

Section

Living Communications